ABSTRACT. A feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the utilization of residual nutrients from shrimp farming wastes (SFW) as co-feed in juvenile grey mullets Mugil cephalus. Four treatments were designed to offer shrimp farming wastes in different proportions as feed. The first treatment (control) consisted of feeding the entire daily portion with only commercial feed for marine fish (SFW0). The remaining treatments replaced the daily feed with shrimp farming wastes in 33, 66, and 100%, respectively, treatments SWF33, SWF67, and SWF100. Feed was offered daily as 4% of the grey mullet total biomass at each experimental tank. Results showed that final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, relative weight gain, and thermal growth coefficient were reduced in the fish when the proportion of SFW in their feed was increased. However, the fish showed a digestive capacity that allowed them to use residual nutrients in a ratio up to 66%, increasing their initial weight by up to 25%. The increase of shrimp farming waste as feed negatively affected the whole-body proximal composition. The digestibility results showed that the fish could digest up to 41% of the shrimp farming waste protein. Results suggest that juvenile grey mullets are capable of utilizing residual nutrients from shrimp farming waste. However, it is necessary to complement an alternative feed source to induce an optimal growth performance for the juvenile grey mullets. It is also recommended that mullets be fed with formulated feed to meet their nutritional requirements to maintain the protein and lipid content of the whole body under culture conditions.

ABSTRACT Infectious diseases have been a major limiting factor for large scale production of oyster farming. Several factors have contributed to the emergence and spread of infectious diseases in all cultivation sites around the world. Therefore, the prevention and control of diseases has become a priority for the sustainability of global aquaculture. Crassostrea corteziensis is a native species that contributes to the Mexican Pacific oyster production and used in this study to assess seasonal simultaneous infective events between distant areas in the Gulf of California. The results of the molecular analysis showed a higher prevalence of Perkinsus marinus in the north area and Marteilia refringens in the south. OsHV-1 was only present in summer and autumn with low prevalence in the two areas. The histological analysis of the PCR-positive organisms presented alterations characteristic of infections. The presence of M. refringens in a new location on the Gulf of California suggests that this pathogen is already well established in the area and the dual presence of pathogens in C. corteziensis is reported for the first time.

The Mexican cichlid, Cichlasoma beani has potential to be a candidate for the aquarium trade and the food industry. However, currently there are no studies regarding the effect of environmental factors on the species in culture conditions. The aim of this study was to assess the potential of C. beani to be maintained in cultured conditions. Additionally, the fish were exposed to different temperatures to examine the effect of temperature on growth, condition and survival of cultured juveniles in 26, 28 and 30°C, for six weeks in recirculation systems. Fish were fed 2.4 mm pellets (40% protein, 15% fat) at a ration rate of 5% body weight per day (dry weight food: wet weight fish). An aggressive behavior in all treatments led to lowered survival, making it impossible to conclude that temperature had an effect on the recorded variables. However the results showed a tendency that indicated the final weight and specific growth rate at 30°C was greater than in 26 and 28°C, perhaps due to a better metabolism and nutrient assimilation.

El cíclido mexicano, Cichlasoma beani presenta potencial para ser un candidato como pez ornamental y ser considerado en la industria alimentaria. Sin embargo, no hay estudios sobre el efecto de los factores ambientales sobre la especie en condiciones de cultivo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el potencial de C. beani para ser mantenido en condiciones de cultivo. Adicionalmente, los juveniles fueron expuestos a diferentes temperaturas para examinar el efecto de la temperatura sobre el crecimiento, la condición y la supervivencia de juveniles cultivados a 26, 28 y 30°C, durante seis semanas en sistemas de recirculación. Los peces fueron alimentados con pellets de 2,4 mm (40% proteína, 15% grasa) a una tasa del 5% de peso corporal por día (peso seco del alimento: peso húmedo de los peces). Un comportamiento agresivo en todos los tratamientos redujo la supervivencia haciendo imposible concluir que la temperatura tuvo un efecto sobre las variables registradas. Sin embargo, una tendencia indicó que el peso final y la tasa de crecimiento específica de C. beani cultivados a 30°C fue mayor que en C. beani cultivados a 26 y 28°C, quizás debido a un metabolismo más activo y una mejor asimilación de nutrientes.

The winged pearl oyster, Pteria sterna, sustains a growing pearl industry in northwestern Mexico, where a subtropical climate prevails. In tropical areas of Mexico, pearl cultivation may be profitable, but insufficient information on the biology and ecology of the species limits the definition of protocols for creating pearl farms. We measured absolute growth, growth rate, reproductive stages, changes in oocyte size, and size at first maturity of juvenile P. sterna cultivated in Bahía de Acapulco over one annual cycle (2009-2010), and compared their response in this tropical area with reports from subtropical areas of Mexico. We also compared the von Bertalanffy growth model with one proposed in this study for aquaculture purposes. The growth rate was higher during the first six months (5.3 mm month-1) and then decreased to 3 mm month-1 until juveniles reached a size of 60 mm in one year. Growth rates were higher in February and lower in July through September. Both models described well the growth of P. sterna, but the adjustment and the estimation of parameters was better with the proposed model. Gametogenesis started in December 2009 at 50.9 mm (males) and 59.5 mm (females); gonad development occurred continuously throughout the year with a peak in February-March (~25-26 °C; 2.8 μg L-1 chlorophyll a concentration), when the gonad index was highest and oocytes were larger. When compared to other studies conducted in subtropical areas, the species uses different strategies to channel available energy into growth and reproduction in tropical regions; P. sterna grows quickly in Bahía de Acapulco and may obtain the size necessary for grafting (70-80 mm shell height) in 15-17 months.

La concha nácar Pteria sterna sostiene una creciente industria perlera en la región subtropical del noroeste de México. En ambientes tropicales del país, el cultivo de perlas puede ser redituable, pero la poca información sobre la biología y ecología de la especie limita la definición de protocolos para la creación de granjas perleras. Se determinó el crecimiento absoluto, la tasa de crecimiento, los estadios reproductivos, los cambios en la talla de ovocitos y la talla de primera madurez de juveniles de P. sterna cultivados en la bahía de Acapulco durante el ciclo anual 2009-2010, y se comparó su respuesta en esta área tropical con registros de la especie para otras áreas subtropicales de México. Se comparó el modelo de crecimiento de von Bertalanffy con uno propuesto en este estudio para fines acuaculturales. La tasa de crecimiento fue mayor durante los primeros seis meses (5.3 mm mes-1) y disminuyó a 3 mm mes-1 hasta que los juveniles alcanzaron la talla de 60 mm en un año. El crecimiento fue máximo en febrero y mínimo de julio a septiembre. Ambos modelos describieron bien el crecimiento de P. sterna, pero el ajuste y la estimación de los parámetros fue mejor con el modelo propuesto. La gametogénesis inició en diciembre de 2009 a una talla de 50.9 mm en los machos y 59.5 mm en las hembras; el desarrollo de la gónada fue continuo el resto del año, con un pico de desove en febrero-marzo (~25-26 °C; 2.8 μg L-1 de clorofila a) que coincidió con el máximo del índice gonádico y la mayor talla de los ovocitos. En comparación con ambientes subtropicales, la especie utiliza una estrategia diferente para el manejo de la energía para el crecimiento y reproducción en un ambiente tropical; en la bahía de Acapulco P. sterna puede alcanzar la talla optima de injerto para producción de perlas (70-80 mm de altura de la concha) en 15-17 meses.

The population structure and reproductive condition of the Sinaloa cichlid Cichlasoma beani from samples obtained from June 2000 to July 2001 were determined. Samples in the first week each month from the largest trader of tilapia in the Aguamilpa Reservoir in Mexico and were caught in gillnets (9.6 and 11.4 cm stretch-mesh size). Of 596 specimens, there were 427 males and 169 females; monthly sex ratio, frequency of lengths by the multinomial distribution, timing of reproduction, condition index, and size at first maturity was determined. Differences in the sex ratio and monthly totals were significant, favoring males, except for September 2000 and March 2001. From one (August 2000) to three modal groups (July 2000 and June 2001) were identified by size. There were no significant differences in standard length weight relationships by sex, which indicated that a shared model for both genders is appropriate, and isometric growth was detected. Based on the proportion of mature and partially matures fish, the main reproductive period was April through June; size at first maturity was 18.9 cm. Water temperature was not significantly related to the percentage of mature and partially matures Sinaloa cichlids or spawning. These findings provide information for regulating the Cichlasoma beani fishery in this region such minimum legal size and non-fishing period.

Se determinó la estructura poblacional y condición reproductiva del cíclido de Sinaloa Cichlasoma beani desde junio de 2000 a julio de 2001. Las muestras se obtuvieron de la captura comercial de tilapia en el embalse de Aguamilpa, México durante la primera semana de cada mes. Los especímenes se capturaron con redes de enmalle (9,6 y 11,4 cm de tamaño de malla). De los 596 organismos recolectados, 427 fueron machos y 169 hembras. Se determinó la proporción de sexos mensual, grupos modales de tallas a través de una distribución multinomial, época reproductiva, índice de condición y talla de primera madurez. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la proporción de sexos total y mensual favoreciendo a los machos, excepto en septiembre de 2000 y marzo de 2001. Se identificaron desde uno (agosto de 2000) hasta tres grupos modales de tallas (julio de 2000 y junio de 2001). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la relación longitud patrón - peso total por sexo, lo que sugiere que el uso de un solo modelo para ambos sexos es adecuado, presentando crecimiento de tipo isométrico. Con base en la proporción de organismos parcialmente maduros y maduros, el pico principal de reproducción fue desde abril hasta junio; la talla de primera madurez fue de 18,9 cm. No se encontró una correlación significativa entre la temperatura del agua y el porcentaje de individuos parcialmente maduros, maduros o desovados. La información generada es útil para la regulación de la pesca de Cichlasoma beani en esta región, sugiriendo una talla mínima legal de captura y un periodo de veda adecuado para la especie.

Los parámetros de crecimiento, reproducción y mortalidad de Oreochormis aureus en el embalse de Aguamilpa, México fueron determinados. Un total de 2 413 organismos se recolectaron entre julio de 2000 y junio de 2001, de los cuales 1 371 fueron machos y 1 042 hembras. Se analizó la relación longitud estándar (LE) y peso total (PT) mediante modelos potenciales. Los parámetros de crecimiento de la ecuación de von Bertalanffy fueron estimados usando la distribución de frecuencia de tallas con ayuda del programa ELEFAN-I. Finalmente se determinó el ciclo reproductivo, talla de primera madurez y fecundidad. Los resultados indicaron que tanto hembras como machos presentaron crecimiento alométrico negativo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre hembras y machos para la relación LE- PT sugiriendo modelos separados por sexo. No existieron diferencias significativas en el crecimiento por sexo y la tasa de explotación estimada (0.57/año) sugiere que la pesquería durante el periodo de estudio mostró signos de sobreexplotación. La tilapia azul se reproduce a lo largo del año con mayor intensidad entre enero y mayo. Por lo tanto se concluye que es necesario establecer una talla mínima de captura con base en el comportamiento reproductivo de la especie.

Tilapia production has increased in Aguamilpa Reservoir, in Nayarit, Mexico, in the last few years and represents a good economic activity for rural communities and the country. We determined growth parameters, mortality and reproductive aspects for 2 413 specimens of blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus in this reservoir. Samples were taken monthly from July 2000 through June 2001, of which 1 371 were males and 1 042 were females. Standard length (SL) and total weight (TW) were measured in each organism. The SL/TW relationships through power models for sexes were determined. The growth parameters L ∞, k, and t0 of the von Bertalanffy equation were estimated using frequency distribution of length through ELEFAN-I computer program. Finally the reproductive cycle and size of first maturity were established using morph chromatic maturity scale. The results suggested that the males and females had negative allometric growth (b<3). Significant differences were found between SL/TW model for the sexes, suggesting separate models for males and females. Results indicate that there are no differences in growth rates between sexes; the proposed parameters were L∞=43.33cm standard length, k=0.36/year and t0=-0.43years. Natural and fishing mortality coefficients were 0.83/year and 1.10/year, respectively. The estimated exploitation rate (0.57/year) suggested that during the study period the fishery showed signs of overfishing. Blue tilapia reproduces year-round; the highest activity occurs from January through May and size of first maturity was 23cm SL. We conclude that it is necessary to establish a minimum catch size in this reservoir based on the reproductive behavior of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1577-1586. Epub 2010 December 01.